Topics Covered
Introduction
to Multi-Dimensional Gas Chromatography
Theory
of PIONA Gas Chromatography
Applications
of PIONA gas Chromatography
Key
Benefits of PIONA+™Analyzer
About Bruker CAM
Introduction
to Multi-Dimensional Gas Chromatography
“Multi-dimensional” gas chromatography has been applied to
hydrocarbon (specifically PNA) analysis since the 1980’s and since this
time has grown in accuracy and prevalence. It is now a common technique
used in refinery laboratories around the world. Yet, despite many
improvements since its first use, the basic chromatographic selectivity
required to use this technique has been left fundamentally unchanged.
This is now set to change with the introduction of the
innovative PIONA+™Analyzer produced by Bruker
CAM. This analyser will allow quantitative data to be obtained
regarding the hydrocarbon group types being analysed, allowing the
characterisation of engine fuels.
.jpg)
The Bruker PIONA+™Analyzer is based on the 450-GC
and contains the Galaxie Data System
Theory
of PIONA Gas Chromatography
Gas chromatography is a hugely important analytical technique
that is used in a wide sphere of applications. There are many different
forms of gas chromatography, including inverse gas chromatography, thin
layer chromatography and PIONA chromatography. These analytical
techniques do have certain aspects in common however, as they all
separating compoenets that have been vaporised and analysing these via
detectors.
Specifically, PIONA gas chromatography can be used to
characterize petroleum streams by hydrocarbon group type. PIONA is an
acronym that stands for Paraffins, Iso-paraffins, Olefins Naphthenes
and Aromatics in gasoline-range materials.
PIONA is the preferred technique today to characterise
petroleum streams by hydrocarbon group type. The PIONA technique uses
complex gas chromatography to separate the substance being analysed
into its individual hydrocarbon groups using a fully automated,
multidimensional approach.
.jpg)
An up-close photograph of the traps (detectors) in a
gas chromatograph
Applications
of PIONA gas Chromatography
PIONA gas chromatography is in common use in refineries
world-wide and hydrocarbon group-type data can be obtained for
paraffins, iso-paraffins, naphthenes, olefins, aromatics and oxygenated
components.
This makes the technique perfect for use in the analysis of
engine fuels, such as spark emission fuels.
.jpg)
A graph from a chromatogram of conventional
calibration mix
Table
1a. Example of a Mass% Report
|
Group
|
Carbon Number
|
Paraffins
|
Napthalenes
|
Olefins
|
Cyclic Olefins
|
Aromatics
|
1
|
0.00
|
|
|
|
|
2
|
0.00
|
|
0.00
|
|
|
3
|
0.03
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
|
4
|
0.91
|
0.00
|
0.09
|
0.00
|
|
5
|
16.84
|
0.43
|
0.46
|
0.15
|
|
6
|
9.85
|
2.18
|
1.09
|
0.24
|
0.84
|
7
|
7.14
|
3.59
|
0.66
|
0.30
|
6.37
|
8
|
6.94
|
0.49
|
0.67
|
0.13
|
15.45
|
9
|
1.17
|
0.15
|
0.17
|
0.10
|
11.26
|
10
|
0.28
|
0.03
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
3.74
|
Total
|
43.16
|
6.87
|
3.14
|
0.92
|
37.66
|
BP > 185°C
|
1.01
|
Oxygenates
|
|
O-content
|
MTBE
|
7.24
|
1.32
|
Tot. Oxygen
|
1.32
|
|
Table
1b. Example of a Volume% Report
|
Group
|
Carbon Number
|
Paraffins
|
Napthalenes
|
Olefins
|
Cyclic Olefins
|
Aromatics
|
1
|
0.00
|
|
|
|
|
2
|
0.00
|
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
|
3
|
0.05
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
|
4
|
1.17
|
0.00
|
0.11
|
0.11
|
|
5
|
20.00
|
0.43
|
0.52
|
0.52
|
|
6
|
11.07
|
2.13
|
1.19
|
1.19
|
0.70
|
7
|
7.72
|
3.51
|
0.69
|
0.69
|
5.44
|
8
|
7.30
|
0.47
|
0.69
|
0.69
|
13.19
|
9
|
120
|
0.14
|
0.17
|
0.17
|
9.55
|
10
|
0.29
|
0.02
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
3.12
|
Total
|
48.80
|
6.70
|
3.37
|
3.37
|
32.00
|
BP > 185°C
|
0.89
|
Key
Benefits of PIONA+™Analyzer
The PIONA+™Analyzer has a number of
advantages, which are specific to the engine fuel industry. These are
highlighted below:
· Reduced analysis time using ‘concurrent’ heating- This
system has a concurrent heating system, achieved by optimising the
temperature settings of the various traps and columns. This allow a
reduction in analysis time, in some cases from 180 minutes to 95
minutes.
.jpg)
chromatogram of a calibration mix using concurrent
heating
· Operational flexibility: The PIONA+™Analyser
allows, due to the inherent flexibility of the analyzer’s design, the
operator to conduct in different operational modes which are often used
in industry. These include: PNA, PONA, PIONA,O-PONA and O-PIONA.
· Compliant with industry standard methods: The
operational flexibility allows it to be used for the most common
industry methods of analysis. Examples include: ASTM D6839, ASTM
EN-ISO-22854, ASTM D5443, ASTM D1319, IP-382, IP-526, EN 14157, UOP 870
and DIN-51448.
· A complete and fully integrated solution: The
Bruker’s PIONA+™Analyser
is based on the 450-GC gas chromatograph, but also includes Galaxie™
chromatography data handling software, dedicated PIONA+ data analysis
and report generation software. Furthermore, the "olefin trap" of the PIONA+
Analyzer can analyze streams with olefin content as high as
35-40% or more.
· Ease of Use: Bruker’s high performance
450-GC, ultrastable columns and traps and powerful Galaxie data system
with built-in PIONA+ software all contribute to
the analyzer’s ability to generate outstanding analysis results day
after day. However, a powerful system does not necessarily have to mean
that only highly skilled operators are able to use it.
| |
Saturates |
|
|
Unsaturates |
|
|
Saturates |
|
|
| Carbon |
Cyclic |
Iso |
Normal |
Cyclic |
Iso |
Normal |
Aromatics |
Oxyg |
Total |
| 3
|
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
| 4
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.06
|
0.00
|
0.03
|
0.54
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.64 |
| 5
|
0.31 |
11.33 |
2.98 |
0.87 |
9.91 |
7.57 |
0.00 |
0.03 |
32.99 |
| 6
|
3.17
|
9.95
|
1.40
|
2.40
|
8.58
|
4.40
|
1.72
|
0.04
|
31.67 |
| 7
|
4.31 |
6.77 |
0.00 |
2.14 |
4.76 |
1.91 |
7.4 |
6 |
27.35 |
| 8
|
1.42
|
3.12
|
0.00
|
0.39
|
2.06
|
0.00
|
0.07
|
0.00
|
7.05 |
| 9
|
0.01 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.04 |
0.02 |
0.00 |
0.03 |
0.00 |
0.10 |
| 10
|
0.01
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.09
|
0.00
|
0.03
|
0.01
|
0.00
|
0.13 |
| 11
|
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
| Total
|
9.23
|
31.17
|
4.43
|
5.93
|
25.36
|
14.46
|
9.29
|
0.07
|
99.93 |
About
Bruker CAM
Bruker is the new name in chemical analysis. Accurate and
comprehensive analysis of exogenous and discrete elements in a wide
range of sample matrices are key applications for many analytical
chemistry groups. To address the needs and challenges of analysts
working in those areas, Bruker has expanded their product family to
provide, and expertly support, a series of fully integrated solutions
including:
· Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometers (GC/MS and GC/MS/MS)
· Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometers (ICP-MS)
· Gas Chromatography Systems (GC)
Widely used in food and consumer safety testing, forensic,
industrial, environmental, and clinical laboratories, these systems are
well accepted and established market leaders that universally deliver
outstanding performance at a premium value.
This information has been sourced, reviewed and adapted from
materials provided by Bruker CAM
For more information on this source, please visit Bruker
CAM.