The accurate modelling of chloride ingress to concrete by equation 4 has been demonstrated in the previous parts of this review.
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The calculation of chloride diffusivity by Fick’s laws use many approximations which must be understood if one want to estimate a real design life from chloride ingress.
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One of the most costly and common causes in lack of durability in infrastructure is the corrosion of reinforced concrete. The lack of durability in concrete has been identified as a major cost to society.
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Nature’s porous materials, bone, coral and cork, are synonymous with strong and lightweight structures. Driven by the prospect of producing a family of materials with unique combinations of properties, materials scientists and engineers have followed nature’s lead and spent the last 20 years...
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CoorsTek manufacture silicon nitride ceramic ball bearings for a range of applications. They are sold under the name of Cerbec® and are manufactured as an alternative to more conventional materials like steel.
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Hiden Analytical and Prof. K.C. Waugh, UMIST, Manchester, UK collaborated to produce a new software module in order to determine fundamental catalyst textural properties, as well as to measure detailed kinetic and thermodynamic parameters.
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Evolved gas analysis methods can be utilized to offer essential information about decomposition or desorption processes when combined with thermal analysis techniques such as DSC, TGA, and DTA mass spectrometry (MS) and offers several benefits for evolved gas analysis.
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The mass analysis of ions with a broad ion energy distribution must be done with an instrument like the Hiden EQS with its integral mass and energy filters. The mass analysis of mono-energetic ions can be done with the Hiden EPIC.
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Surface barrier discharges functioning at atmospheric pressure are effective chemical reactors. Mass analysis of the reaction products is possible using suitable high pressure mass spectrometer systems.
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The EQP mass spectrometer is a combination of an electrostatic sector energy analyzer and a high-performance quadrupole mass filter in an instrument developed for plasma diagnostics. This article explains what the Hiden EQP is and how it works.
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