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While nanoparticles can be found in a wide variety of natural sources including sand, ocean spray, volcanic ash, dust, and even blood-borne proteins, the manipulation and engineering of various bulk materials have gained a tremendous amount of interest over the last several years.
When engineered to be nanosized, these materials can exhibit exceptional optical, magnetic, and electrical properties, to name a few, that often significantly exceed the properties of their bulk counterparts. The beneficial application of nanotechnology to the electronic, agricultural, and energy industry is only expected to continue as this technology continues to be applied to industries across the world. While the benefits of nanotechnology to these industries are evident, the potential impact that this technology poses to the environment and human health are critical to evaluate and regulate in an effort to prevent irreversible harm.
Regulation of Nanotechnology in Agriculture
The rising demand for the agricultural industry to maximize agricultural output has pushed this industry to incorporate the use of nanoscale materials. More specifically, nanotechnology in the agricultural industry has shown impressive potential in terms of improving seed germination, plant growth, and protection through a controlled release of agrochemicals and an overall reduction in the use of fertilization that subsequently minimizes the potential loss of nutrients.
As the application of this technology becomes a more realistic option for this industry, there has been a growing concern about the possible human and environmental health implications that may occur as a result. For example, the exposure route of particular concern involves the potential bioaccumulation of nano-enhanced materials within the environment and food chain that can eventually reach human consumption. In an effort to address this concern, the agricultural industry has exercised a considerable amount of research into the development of “green nanotechnology,” which is expected to address the potential environmental challenges of nanotechnology within this industry.
Nanosensors for Monitoring Pesticides
A growing concern regarding the determination of both the chemical and physical properties of fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides, insecticides, heavy metals, organic pollutants, and pathogens, particularly when present at the nanolevel, has prompted the development of nanosensors for this exact purpose. Capable of detecting particles with a dimension that is greater than 100 nanometers (nm), these nanosensors are expected to offer researchers an increased sensitivity at a rapid detection rate as compared to traditional detection techniques.
Additionally, researchers are particularly interested in the potential of these nanosensors to investigate the following properties of plants:
- Bacterial, viral, and fungal pathogen populations
- Moisture levels
- Soil pH
- Fertility
- Temperature
- Nutrient status and concentrations
- Sustainable growth
- Improved yield production
Social Regulation of Nanotechnology in Agriculture
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requires that all pesticides used within the agricultural industry are reviewed as a result of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). Since 2016, the EPA has been focused on investigating whether nano pesticides exhibit greater benefits than traditional pesticides, as well as the potential risks that these materials may cause to the environment and human health. Under this law, the EPA regulates the use of these nanomaterials through the following parameters:
- Experimental use permits (EUP)
- The setting of requirements for pre-registration testing
- Registration requirements
- Development of data required
- Set limits on the use and handling
- Post-registration testing requirements
- Enforcement of proceedings against unregistered nano pesticides or those found to cause unreasonable adverse effects on human health or the environment
Since 2011 when the European Commission published an official definition for what a nanomaterial is, a considerable amount of resources has been dedicated to ensuring the safety of these materials to both humans and the environment. In regards to the agricultural industry, the Plant Protection Products Regulation (EC 1107/2009) is responsible for regulating the use of pesticides of all shapes, sizes, and physical states, thereby requiring nanomaterials to be assessed in the same way in which any other active ingredient would be investigated for potential toxicity and environmental fate1.
Novel Nanotechnology Regulations in the U.S.
The EPA’s Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) considers all materials of the nanoscale as chemical substances that must be comprehensively investigated and regulated. On August 14, 2017, the EPA issued the highly anticipated Working Guidance for its Final Nanotechnology Reporting and Recordkeeping Requirements Rule. Through this rule, the EPA is able to acquire basic data on the use, exposure, and potential hazards that are associated with the manufacturing and processing of nanomaterials. For example, the TSCA requires that all nanomaterials used for commercial purposes must notify the EPA of certain information, which includes:
- Chemical identity
- Production volume
- Methods of manufacture
- Processing information
- Use
- Exposure and release
- Available health and safety data
In the event that a nanomaterial exhibits chemical properties that possess an unreasonable risk to human health or the environment, the EPA is capable of taking the necessary action required to prevent harm.
Sources and Further Reading
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