Metal Alloys - Classification and Properties of Copper and Copper Alloy

Copper and copper alloys are one of the major groups of commercial metals. They offer a wide range of properties, including excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, outstanding corrosion resistance, good strength and fatigue resistance, and appearance. They can be readily worked, brazed and welded.

Selection of Copper and Copper Alloys

The primary selection criteria for copper and copper alloys include:

  • Electrical conductivity: copper has the highest conductivity of the engineering metals. Silver or other elements may be added to increase strength, softening resistance or other properties without major loss of conductivity.
  • Thermal conductivity: this property is similar to electrical conductivity. Alloys of copper may be used for this property, where good corrosion resistance compensates for loss of conductivity with increased alloying.
  • Colour and appearance: many of the copper alloys have a distinctive colour, which may change as the object weathers. For most of alloys it is easy to prepare and maintain the surface to a high standard, even in adverse corrosion conditions. Many of the alloys are used in decorative applications, either in their native form or after metal plating. The alloys have specific colours, ranging from the salmon pink of copper through yellow, gold and green to dark bronze in the weathered condition. Atmospheric exposure can produce a green or bronze surface, and prepatinated alloys are available in some product forms.
  • Ease of fabrication: most of the alloys can be easily cast, hot or cold formed, machined, joined etc.These alloys are often the standard against which other metals are compared.

Properties of Alloys

Many of the alloys are solid solution strengthened, but are based on the copper crystal structure and have good ductility. Most alloys can be further strengthened by cold work, which improves tensile and fatigue strength while retaining useful ductility. Some alloys can be dispersion strengthened, and a few can be age hardened to very high strength levels.

Different Types of Metal Alloys

  1. Copper are essentially commercially pure copper, which ordinarily is very soft and ductile, containing up to about 0.7% total impurities. These materials are used for their electrical and thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance, appearance and colour, and ease of working. They have the highest conductivity of the engineering metals and are very ductile and easy to braze, and generally to weld. Typical applications include electrical wiring and fittings, busbars, heat exchangers, roofs, wall cladding, tubes for water, air and process equipment.

  2. High copper alloys contain small amounts of various alloying elements such as beryllium, chromium, zirconium, tin, silver, sulphur or iron. These elements modify one or more of the basic properties of copper, such as strength, creep resistance, machinability or weldability. Most of the uses are similar to those given above for coppers, but the conditions of application are more extreme.

  3. Brasses are copper zinc alloys containing up to about 45% zinc, with possibly small additions of lead for machinability, and tin for strength. Copper zinc alloys are single phase up to about 37% zinc in the wrought condition. The single phase alloys have excellent ductility, and are often used in the cold worked condition for better strength. Alloys with more than about 37% zinc are dual phase, and have even higher strength, but limited ductility at room temperature compared to the single phase alloys. The dual phase brasses are usually cast or hot worked. Typical uses for brasses are architecture, drawn & spun containers and components, radiator cores and tanks, electrical terminals, plugs and lamp fittings, locks, door handles, name plates, plumbers hardware, fasteners, cartridge cases, cylinder liners for pumps.

  4. Bronzes are alloys of copper with tin, plus at least one of phosphorus, aluminium, silicon, manganese and nickel. These alloys can achieve high strengths, combined with good corrosion resistance. They are used for springs and fixtures, metal forming dies, bearings, bushes, terminals, contacts and connectors, architectural fittings and features. The use of cast bronze for statuary is well known.

  5. Copper nickel are alloys of copper with nickel, with a small amount of iron and sometimes other minor alloying additions such as chromium or tin. The alloys have outstanding corrosion resistance in waters, and are used extensively in sea water applications such as heat exchangers, condensers, pumps and piping systems, sheathing for boat hulls.

  6. Nickel silvers contain 55 – 65% copper alloyed with nickel and zinc, and sometimes an addition of lead to promote machinability. These alloys get their misleading name from their appearance, which is similar to pure silver, although they contain no addition of silver. They are used for jewellery and name plates and as a base for silver plate (EPNS), as springs, fasteners, coins, keys and camera parts.

Classification of Wrought Copper Alloys

The classification of wrought copper alloys is summarised in the following table.

Table 1. Classification of wrought copper alloys

Class Name

UNS Numbers

Composition

Applications

1.

Coppers

C10100 - C15760

>99% Copper

Electrical conductors & connectors, water supply, heat exchangers, tanks, chemical equipment.

2.

High-copper alloys

C16200-C19600

>96% Copper

Electrical conductors & connectors, springs, fasteners.

3.

Brasses

C20500 - C28580

Cu – Zn

Deep drawn containers, tanks, heat exchangers, architectural panels, coins.

Leaded brasses

C31200 - C38590

Cu - Zn – Pb

Cylinders, builders hardware, wear plates, fasteners.

Tin brasses

C40400 - C49080

Cu - Zn – Sn – (Pb)

Electrical switches, springs, terminals, bearings.

Other copper-zinc alloys

C66400 - C69900

Valve stems.

4.

Phosphor bronzes

C50100 - C52400

Cu - Sn – P

Fasteners, springs, chemical hardware, wear plates.

Leaded phosphor bronzes

C53200 - C54800

Cu - Sn – Pb - P

Bearings, bushings, gears, valves.

Aluminium bronzes

C60600 - C64400

Cu - Al - Ni - Fe - Si - Sn

Heat exchangers, pump parts, machine parts, structural members.

Silicon bronzes

C64700 - C66100

Cu - Si – Sn

Fasteners, springs, electrical connectors.

5.

Copper - nickels

C70000 - C79900

Cu - Ni – Fe

Condensers, heat exchangers, brake lines, salt water pipes.

6.

Nickel silvers

C73200 - C79900

Cu - Ni –Zn

Sliver plate (EPNS), nameplates, hollow ware


Classification of Cast Copper Alloys

The classification of cast copper alloys is summarised in the following table.

Table 2. Classification of cast copper alloys

Class Name

UNS Numbers

Composition

Applications

1.

Coppers

C80100 - C81100

>99% Copper

Electrical & thermal conductors

2.

High-copper alloys

C81300 - C82800

>94% Copper

High strength electrical conductors, including spot welding electrodes

3.

Red brasses

C83300 - C85800

Cu - Zn - Sn –(Pb) (75 - 89% Cu)

Valves, pump parts, plumbing hardware

Yellow brasses

C85200 - C85800

Cu - Zn - Sn – (Pb) (57 - 74% Cu)

Fittings, trim, builders hardware

4.

Manganese bronzes

C86100 - C86800

Cu - Zn - Mn - Fe – (Pb)

Gears, bearings, bushings, marine fittings

Silicon bronzes, silicon brasses

C87300 - C87900

Cu - Zn –Si

Gears, bearings, bushings, marine fittings

Tin bronzes

C90200 - C94500

Cu - Sn - Zn – (Pb)

Gears, bearings, bushings, pump parts

Nickel- tin bronzes

C94700 - C94900

Cu - Ni - Sn - Zn – (Pb)

Wear parts, low speed bearings

Aluminium bronzes

C95200 - C95810

Cu - Al - Fe - Ni

Gears, bearings, bushings, pump parts, pickling equipment, non sparking tools

5.

Copper - nickels

C96200 - C96800

Cu - Ni - Fe

Valves, pumps etc resistant to seawater

6.

Nickel silvers

C97300 - C97800

Cu - Ni - Zn – (Pb) - Sn

Builders hardware, valves, pumps

Miscellaneous alloys

C99300 - C99750

-

Various

This information has been sourced, reviewed and adapted from materials provided by Austral Wright Metals - Ferrous, Non-Ferrous and High Performance Alloys.

For more information on this source, please visit Austral Wright Metals - Ferrous, Non-Ferrous and High Performance Alloys.

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